4
Database Administration

The database administration features and wizards are integrated into Oracle Enterprise Manager. You can access the database administration features through the Console. The Console can either be launched with a connection to an Oracle Management Server, which utilizes Oracle Enterprise Manager's three-tier framework, or launched standalone, which connects directly to a database.

The Console's Databases folder allows you to administer database instances, schemas, security, and storage, and other database features from a unified tree view. The unified access to administration functions offered by the Databases folder makes it easy to switch between tasks and to gain an accurate overall view of the database configuration status. When you expand a database in the tree, a list of database features appears below.

• Instance, including startup, shutdown, and initialization.
• Schema, including tables, indexes, and all other schema objects.
• Security, including user accounts, roles, and privileges.
• Storage, including tablespaces, datafiles, rollback segments, redo log groups, and archive logs.
• Distributed, including in-doubt transactions, database links, Streams, Advanced Queues, and Advanced Replication
• Warehouse, including summary management and OLAP management. Summary Management includes tools for improving the performance of a data warehouse. OLAP management includes tools for creating and editing OLAP metadata based on a star or snowflake schema.
• Workspace, including a virtual environment that one or more users can share to make versioned changes to data.
• XML Database, including tools for storing and retrieving XML objects and optimizing access and updates to XML objects.
• Other database features, depending on the products installed with your database.

You can use the Database folder features with or without connecting to an Oracle Management Server.

The Backup and Recovery wizards are also available to help you back up or restore and recover various objects such as the tablespaces, datafiles, or archivelogs. With the Backup wizard you can also make an image copy of the datafiles and the current controlfile. Beginning with Oracle Enterprise Manager 9.2, the Backup Wizard allows the setting of additional options, such as backup retention policy, deleting obsolete backups and specifying the archivelog deletion policy. With Oracle 9.2, recovery includes Block Media Recovery which improves the speed of recovery significantly in the case of block corruptions.

Oracle Enterprise Manager now features the SQL Scratchpad, which provides a user interface for you to enter, edit, and execute SQL quickly and easily.

Common Features of Database Management Features

This section discusses the common features shared by the database administration features in Enterprise Manager.

Tree Views

The Console displays a tree view of connected databases, which can be expanded to show subordinate objects.

General Information about Databases

When you select a database node in the tree, a non-editable General page appears on the right where you can view information about the host, port, SID, TNS descriptors, setup information (Oracle_Home and Listeners), and Operating System information.

Comprehensive Overview Pages

When you select any of these database features, a brief description of the feature appears in the comprehensive overview page on the right side of the Console. Depending on the feature, the page may contain a link to obtain more information, or to start a process, or a button to launch the related Quick Tour or Help screen.

Property Sheets

When relevant, if you select an object in the tree, a property sheet appears on the right where you can view or edit database properties. Wizards also display tree views and property sheets as necessary.

Multi-Column Lists

In most cases when you select any of the database features such as Schema (with the exception of Advanced Queues), Instance, and so on, a multi-column list of all the folder's objects appears on the right side of the Console, providing a quick summary of information about each object in the selected folder.

Database Version Awareness

All database features and wizards are aware of the features that are available in each database version. When you select a database in a tree view, the tool only displays objects and properties that are enabled in that database version.

Database Reports

You can extract information from the database such as object definitions, object dependencies, database configuration, or reports, including custom SQL queries.

Logging of Database Changes

You can now log all Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML) changes made by an application when connected to a database.

Showing Object DDL

Data Definition Language (DDL) commands set up the data such as creating and altering databases and tables. You can display the Data Definition DDL for objects.

Show SQL

Though one of the benefits of Enterprise Manager is that DBA tasks can be performed without manually entering SQL, you do have the option of viewing the SQL code generated for you. By selecting Show SQL button, you can review this code before implementing any changes, as well as copy and paste it into your own SQL scripts if you wish.

Show Dependencies

Database object dependencies and dependents can be viewed by right-mouse clicking an object in the tree view and choosing Show Dependencies. Dependencies show what the selected object depends on, such as the tablespace location and the owner of the selected object. Dependents rely on the selected object, such as which indexes will be dropped and which synonyms will be affected if you drop the selected object.

Right-Mouse Commands

With the database features, you can right-mouse click any folder or object in a tree list to perform administrative tasks. Right-mouse clicking an object shows all the tasks that can be performed on the object, such as connecting to or disconnecting from the database, creating users, adding or removing profiles, assigning privileges, showing dependencies, and bringing up wizards.

DB Search Capabilities

Database Search allows you to search for any object in a database given a flexible set of criteria:

• Names of the objects that you want to find. You can enter wild card characters for the object name.
• Database that you want to search.
• Object types that you want to include in the search.
• Schemas that you want to include in the search.

Database Management Features and Wizards

This section describes Database Management features and wizards.

DBA Management Features	Task	See Page
Instance Management	Manages instances and sessions	4-7
Schema Management	Manages schema objects	4-14
Security Management	Manages security parameters	4-19
Storage Management	Manages database storage	4-21
Distributed Management	Manages in-doubt transactions, database links, streams, advanced queues, and advanced replication	4-24
Warehouse Management	Manages the performance of a data warehouse (Summary Management) and OLAP metadata using the CWMLite Release 1 APIs (OLAP management manages).	4-25
Workspace Management	Allows you to version-enable tables and create, modify, refresh, and merge workspaces	4-27
XML Database	Manages the storing and retrieving of XML objects and optimizing access and updates to XML objects.	4-28
SQL*Plus Worksheet	Executes SQL and PL/SQL commands	4-29
SQL Scratchpad	Provides a user interface for you to enter, edit, and execute SQL quickly and easily	4-30
Wizards	Assist with importing, exporting, loading, backing up, and recovering data, as well as analyzing and creating tables and views	4-32

Instance Management

The Instance Management feature helps you manage database instances and sessions in your Oracle environment. With the Instance Management feature you can:

• Start up and shut down a database.
• View and edit the values of instance parameters.
• Tune your database resources for optimal use with the help of Memory and Mean-Time-To-Recover (MTTR) Advisors.
• Manage users' sessions, and view currently running SQL and its explain plan.
• Administer locks and sessions consuming the highest amounts of resources (if the Diagnostics Pack is installed).
• Monitor long-running operations.
• Control processing resources via Resource Plans.
• Perform backup, recovery and maintenance operations on the database files.

When you expand the Instance node under the database in the tree view, the following list of objects and folders appears:

• Configuration
• Stored Configurations (only when connected to Oracle Management Server)
• Sessions
• Locks
• Resource Consumer Groups
• Resource Plans
• Resource Plan Schedule

Figure 4-1 Instance Management

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Configuration Operations

When you select the Configuration node under Instance, a property sheet of tabbed pages appears on the right for viewing information about the database instance and editing database properties.

General Page

The General Page shows the following information which can be viewed and/or edited:

• Status of the instance, including the database version and any installed options, and allows you to start up and shut down a database.

  For information on cluster databases, refer to Oracle9i Real Application Clusters Administration.

• Location of the spfile if the database had been started with an spfile
• Persistent parameters which allow you to modify, apply changes, and re-initialize the database.

  Note: The Configured mode for a cluster database displays an additional "Instance Name" column, which helps distinguish the parameters as either database-wide or instance-specific. If this column is blank for a parameter; then, it implies that the parameter's value is available database wide (i.e. for all instances). A string in this column specifies the SID of a specific cluster database instance to which the parameter's value is applicable.

Memory Page

• View information about the memory usage of the current database.
• Use the Shared Pool Size Advisor to determine optimal Shared Pool size by tracking its use by the Library Cache. This advisor is available starting with Oracle 9.2.
• Use the Buffer Cache Size Advisor to determine the optimal size of the buffer cache.
• Use the Program Global Area (PGA) Advisor to tune PGA memory allocated to individual server processes. This advisor is available starting with Oracle 9.2.

Recovery Page

• Use the Mean-Time-To-Recover (MTTR) Advisor to determine the optimal value for the maximum time needed to recover the database. This advisor is available starting with Oracle 9.2.
• View the current state of the redo log archival and take the database in archivelog or noarchivelog mode.

Resource Monitors Page

The Resource Monitors page allows you to view the performance statistics of an active plan and of each consumer group associated with the active resource plan.

Undo Page

The Undo Page contains information about the undo tablespace including the name of the active undo tablespace and the current undo retention time. Through this page, you can modify the retention time based on your largest transaction time and immediately view the space required for the undo tablespace. Undo generation rates are calculated based on statistics available for undo space consumption for the current instance. From this page, you can decide on an optimal size for your undo tablespace and ensure that even your longest transactions always complete.

Figure 4-2 Instance Management Window

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Stored Configurations

When the database is connected to the Oracle Management Server, the Stored Configurations folder appears in the tree view with which you can create multiple database start-up configurations without the need to track initialization parameter files (INIT<SID>.ORA). Stored configurations exist in the Oracle Enterprise Manager repository (they are not external files) and can be created, edited, and deleted. You can also add and delete parameters and export a configuration to a file.

Note: If you are connected to an Oracle9.x database, you can also start up the database by using the SPFILE on the server side. The database knows the location of the SPFILE and will look for it when it starts up to find the startup parameters. An SPFILE is similar to an init.ora file but located on the server-side and maintained by the server.

Sessions List

The Sessions List page displays the top number of sessions that you specify using database instance resources in real time. Sessions are displayed in descending order based upon the delta value of the statistic chosen as the sort statistic. You can use the information in the chart to isolate executing SQL or to kill a problem session. Also, Oracle 9i introduces a resumable sessions feature where the sessions are marked and you can view details. Refer to the online help for more information on"resumable space allocation."

Sessions Folder

The Sessions folder lists all users connected to the discovered database. When you select a user in the list, the Sessions property sheet appears with which you can edit user properties, view information about the status of each user, view current SQL or the last run SQL for the database session, and view the database session explain plan.

Long Running Operations

A small clock appears on the session icon in the tree view for sessions with currently running in-progress operations. Select the Long Operations tab on the top of a Session detail view to view the status of long-running operations on Oracle8i or Oracle9i databases. You can monitor the type of operation it is, how long it has been running, and the estimated time of completion.

Locks

The Locks list contains information about the locks currently held by the Oracle server and outstanding requests for a lock or latch. Locks are mechanisms that prevent destructive interaction between transactions accessing the same resource--either user objects such as tables and rows or system objects not visible to users, such as shared data structures in memory and data dictionary rows. In all cases, Oracle automatically obtains necessary locks when executing SQL statements, so users need not be concerned with such details. Oracle automatically uses the lowest applicable level of restrictiveness to provide the highest degree of data concurrency yet also provide fail-safe data integrity. Oracle also allows you to lock data manually.

In-Doubt Transactions

The In-Doubt Transactions folder contains information about distributed transactions that failed in the PREPARED state. You can sort the Transactions list on each of the columns by clicking on the column heading.

The In-Doubt Transactions property sheet displays information about distributed transactions in which a commit was interrupted by a system, network, or any failure resulting from external factors.

Resource Consumer Groups

The Resource Consumer Groups folder lists sets of users who have similar resource usage requirements. When you select a resource consumer group object in the folder, a property sheet appears in which you can view or specify properties and assign or remove users from the resource consumer group.

Resource Plans

The Resource Plans folder lists objects that represent resource plans, which are ways of allocating resources among consumer groups. Resource plans contain directives that specify the resources to be given to each group and can be specified in hierarchical fashion using subplans.

The Resource Plans property sheet, which appears when you select an object representing a Resource Plan, allows you to choose available groups/subplans to include in the resource plan, select the percentage of CPU resources allocated to a group, specify the maximum number of parallel execution servers associated with a single operation for each resource consumer group, specify the maximum number of concurrently active sessions allowed within a consumer group, specify a maximum in kilobytes on the total amount of undo generated by a consumer group, specify a maximum execution time in seconds allowed for an operation if there were no other work on the system, specifying criteria that causes the automatic switching of sessions to another consumer group, and then activate the plan.

Resource Plan Schedule

The Resource Plan Schedule property sheet allows you to automate when to activate a resource plan.

Schema Management

With the Schema Management feature, you can create, alter, or drop database schema objects such as clusters, indexes, materialized views, tables, and views, as well as view dependencies of schema objects. Storage layout information is also available for a table or an index if they are on EMC devices.

The Schema Management feature also supports index organized tables, partitioned tables and indexes, advanced queues, Java classes and sources, and unicode. Advanced queuing offers message transformation which can be used to transform and validate message communication amongst different business processes. The unicode feature allows you to select a column of "character" type and specify the length in bytes or characters.

You can also compile multiple objects such as functions, packages, package bodies, and triggers from their Summary View panel, and you can edit the storage and options information for clusters, indexes, and tables if the values apply to multiple objects.

Figure 4-3 Schema Management Window

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Tree List by Schema or Object

Beginning with 9.2, you can specify your navigator preferences for Schema Management.

Figure 4-4 Navigator Preferences

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Databases contain at least one named schema for each database user. Regardless of object type, each schema object belongs to one of these named schemas.

If you need to edit several objects belonging to the same schema, select to view objects "First by schema and then by object type". Refer to Figure 4-5, "Schema Objects and Flat List" and Figure 4-6, "Schema Objects and Categories".

If you manage the same type of objects from different schemas, select to view them "First by object type and then by schema". Refer to Figure 4-7, "Objects and Flat List" and Figure 4-8, "Objects and Categories".

Depending on a second selection, the tree view will reorder all objects accordingly, presenting object folders in a categorized list or a flat list.

Figure 4-5 Schema Objects and Flat List

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Figure 4-6 Schema Objects and Categories

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Figure 4-7 Objects and Flat List

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Figure 4-8 Objects and Categories

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Editing an Object

To view/edit an object, you use the object's property sheet, which appears when you select the object in the tree view. You can then modify the object's parameters.

For clusters, indexes, and tables, you can use the Edit Multiple Objects feature to edit the storage and options information that apply to multiple objects at the same time.

Figure 4-9 Editing Multiple Objects

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The Schema Management feature also includes the Table Data Editor content viewer, which allows you to view, update, and delete the contents of a table and display the contents of a view or synonym by selecting a right-mouse command on a table in the tree view.

Creating Objects

Schema Management allows you to create an object or a clone of an object by selecting Create or Create Like from the Object menu. When creating a clone of an object, all attributes are identical except for the name. Parameters for new objects and cloned objects are specified in property sheets which appear when you select Create and the object from the Create dialog or Create Like from the Object menu.

Security Management

In a large network environment, security parameters for objects, administrators, and users are in constant change. With the Security Management feature, an administrator can make these necessary changes quickly and efficiently.

When you expand the Security node under the database in the tree view, folders for users, roles, and profiles appear.

Figure 4-10 Managing Users, Roles, and Profiles

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Figure 4-11 Security Management Window

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User Operations

The Security Management feature helps you manage the database users in your network by helping you create users and clones of users, add and remove user permissions and roles, grant or revoke the switch privilege of resource consumer groups for a user or role, alter user properties, including account status and default profiles, and set up database users to act as proxy for a user. Security Management capabilities also allow you to easily see users' dependents and dependencies.

Role Operations

With the Security Management role operations feature, you can modify role properties as easily as user properties. You can also create roles and clones of roles, add and remove permissions from roles, and see grantees of roles, including consumer groups.

Profile Operations

A profile is a set of limits on a user's database resources. As with users and roles, you can create a profile or a clone of a profile, alter a profile's properties, and assign and remove profiles from users. You also have the ability to see profile dependents and dependencies, as well as grantees of profiles.

Profiles, roles, and the users to which they are assigned can easily be seen in security lists provided by Security Management. Administrators can then use property sheets to determine security parameters, simplifying the process of making changes.

The Security Management feature also supports Oracle password management, which increases system security. Supported features includes: account locking, password lifetime and expiration, password history, password complexity, verifications, and export/import of passwords.

Storage Management

The Storage Management feature helps you administer tablespaces (permanent, temporary, and undo), datafiles, redo logs, archive logs, and rollback segments for optimum database storage.

Figure 4-12 Storage Management Window

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When you connect to a database, the Storage Management branch of the tree view lists an icon for the Controlfile and five folders which contain all the storage objects in the selected database. The five folders include:

• Tablespaces
• Datafiles
• Rollback Segments
• Redo Log Groups
• Archive Logs

Figure 4-13 Managing Database Storage Parameters

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The following sections describe the Storage Management operations that can be performed with the objects in each of these folders:

Controlfile Operations

When you select the Controlfile icon, a property sheet appears where you can see the number of controlfiles created for the database and other statistics.

Tablespace Operations

Using the contents of the Tablespaces folder, you can create, edit, or drop a tablespace, switch to a new default temporary tablespace, add a datafile or rollback segment, take a tablespace off- or on-line, make a tablespace read-only or writable, and set tablespace storage parameters, including multiple block sizes which is key in facilitating the transportability of tablespaces from one database type to another.

Beginning with Enterprise Manager 9.2, you can choose to use bitmaps to manage the free space within segments. Bitmaps allow Oracle to manage free space more automatically, and offers high performance for free space management.

In addition, you can click the tablespace to see the used and free space of the tablespace or datafile.

Beginning with Oracle9i, you can also allocate your undo space in a single undo tablespace, instead of distributing them into a set of statically allocated rollback segments. For each Oracle instance, you will only have to allocate enough disk space for the workload in that instance in an undo tablespace. In additon, using Enterprise Manager, you can create or alter an undo tablespace.

Datafile Operations

With the contents of the Datafiles folder, you can create a datafile or a clone of a datafile, edit a datafile, and take a datafile off- or on-line. You can also click the datafile to see the used and available space. In 9.2, you can delete datafiles when dropping a tablespace. Also, the storage layout feature, which includes a page to display the storage layout information for a datafile and a page to display the overview of the file map, is available for datafiles on EMC devices.

Rollback Segment Operations

Using the Rollback Segments folder, you can create, alter, drop, or shrink a rollback segment as well as take one off- or on-line.

Redo Log Group Operations

Using the Redo Log Groups folder, you can switch the current redo log group, trigger a checkpoint in a redo log group, create a new redo log group, and rename, remove, or add new redo log group members.

Archive Log Operations

The archive log folder allows you to view the current archive logs in the database.

Distributed Management

Oracle supports data replication and messaging technologies to support distributed applications and distributed database systems.

Figure 4-14 Distributed Database Management

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With Distributed Database Management, you can:

• use the In-Doubt Transactions folder to view failed two-phase commit transactions.
• use Database Links to create, edit and delete links between databases.
• use the Streams folder to replicate data over a network of databases. You can monitor and administer your Streams environment. This folder is available for Oracle version 9.2 and above.
• use the Advanced Queues folder to integrate applications by using messaging technology. You can monitor and administer your Advanced Queues environment.
• use the Advanced Replication folder to replicate data amongst a group of databases (Multi Master Replication) or to replicate a snapshot of data between databases (Snapshot Replication). You can to monitor and administer your Advanced Replication environment.

Warehouse Management

A data warehouse is a relational database that is designed for query and analysis rather than for transaction processing. Oracle supports complex analysis of warehouse data by on-line analytical processing (OLAP) applications. Oracle also provides mechanism to improve performance of your warehouse by using summaries.

Figure 4-15 Warehouse Management

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OLAP Management

OLAP Management enables an administrator to create and edit OLAP catalog metadata for an existing star or snowflake schema. OLAP catalog metadata is required by business intelligence applications that use Oracle's Java-based OLAP API.

Within the OLAP catalog repository, owned by OLAPSYS, there are two sets of metadata tables, each with its own write APIs (PL/SQL packages): CWMLite Release 1 and CWMLite Release 2.

The OLAP Management interface within Enterprise Manager uses CWMLite Release 1 only. CWMLite Release 2 metadata must be created programmatically using the CWM2_OLAP supplied PL/SQL packages.

Both CWMLite 1 and CWMLite 2 are supported by the OLAP API.

For more information, see Oracle9i OLAP User's Guide.

Summary Management

Oracle supports Materialized Views, also known as Summaries, to improve the performance of a data warehouse. Summaries pre-calculate expensive joins and aggregation operations and store them in a table. Oracle speeds-up query execution by transparently re-writing queries to use summaries. Dimensions aid query re-write operation. MV Logs track changes to master table for incremental refresh of Materialized Views.

Workspace Management

Workspace Management allows you to version-enable tables and create, modify, refresh, and merge workspaces.

Figure 4-16 Workspace Management

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Oracle Workspace Manager provides a long transaction framework, in which multiple data versions are stored in the database as different workspaces. You can create new versions of data to update, while maintaining a copy of the old data.

Versioning improves concurrent access of data in the database and allows multiple what-if analyses to be run against the data simultaneously.

For detailed information about Workspace Manager concepts and the application programming interface (API), see Oracle9i Application Developer's Guide - Workspace Manager.

XML Database

Oracle provides support for an XML Database, a high-performance object system based on the XML data model. An XML Database is designed to store and retrieve XML Objects via a hierarchical pathname. It also optimizes access and updates to XML objects stored in it and provides access control and configuration management for these objects.

Figure 4-17 XML Database Management

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From the XML Database container, you can perform the following tasks:

• Configure XML Database for use in your environment.
• Create a resource in XML Database. You can modify access control privileges on this resource by selecting it in the navigation tree, doing a right mouse click and selecting Grant Privileges to User/Role menu item.
• Create tables and views based on XML Schema

SQL*Plus Worksheet

When you need to administer your database environment with SQL, PL/SQL, or SQL*Plus commands, use Oracle SQL*Plus Worksheet. With Oracle SQL*Plus Worksheet, you can enter SQL and PL/SQL code and DBA commands dynamically and run scripts which are stored as files.

The SQL*Plus Worksheet window consists of an Input pane (top) where commands are entered, and an Output pane (bottom) where the results of your commands appear after you click the Execute button.

SQL*Plus Worksheet maintains a history of the commands you have entered, allowing you to edit and re-execute an earlier command without having to retype it. The last 50 command executions can be displayed by clicking the Command History button. Selections from the Command History dialog box can then be copied and inserted into the Input pane.

With SQL*Plus Worksheet, you can have multiple copies of the worksheet open at a time, each of which is separate from the others; so work can be committed or rolled back in each worksheet independently.

SQL Scratchpad

Oracle Enterprise Manager now features the SQL Scratchpad, which provides a user interface for you to enter, edit, and execute SQL quickly and easily.

Figure 4-18 SQL Scratchpad

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Features of SQL Scratchpad are listed below:

• Low overhead
• Standard editor features: cut, copy, paste
• Full color syntax highlighting
• Load and save SQL
• Graphical Explain Plan which describes the steps chosen by the optimizer for executing the SQL statement.

Figure 4-19 Explain Plan

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• View and sort results of executed SQL command as data in a read-only spread table
• Displays the time taken to execute the queries
• Displays the number of rows for select statement
• Cancel SQL execution, which is especially useful for long running queries
• Connect to the database as a different user, including connection with SYSDBA role

Wizards

For help with database administration tasks, Oracle Enterprise Manager offers a variety of wizards:

• Analyze Wizard: The Analyze wizard allows you to collect statistics about the objects and store them in the data dictionary, delete statistics about the objects from the data dictionary, validate the structure of the objects, and identify migrated and continued rows of tables or clusters.
• Backup and Recovery Management Wizards: The Backup and Recovery wizards are also available to help you back up or restore and recover various objects such as the tablespaces, datafiles, or archivelogs. With the Backup wizard you can also make an image copy of the datafiles and the current controlfile. Beginning with Oracle Enterprise Manager 9.2, the Backup Wizard allows the setting of additional options, such as backup retention policy, deleting obsolete backups and specifying the archivelog deletion policy. With Oracle 9.2, recovery includes Block Media Recovery which improves the speed of recovery significantly in the case of block corruptions.
• Create Table Wizard: The Create Table Wizard facilitates the creation of a table.
• Cube Wizard: The Create Cube Wizard helps you build a cube object. Cubes represent multidimensional data stored in your data warehouse fact tables.
• Data Management Wizards (Import/Export/Load): Oracle Data management wizards automate the transfer of data to and from an Oracle database.
• Dimension Creation Wizard: The Create Dimension Wizard will help you build a dimension object. Dimensions represent columns in your data warehouse dimension tables as levels and attributes. Dimensions typically define hierarchical relationships between their levels.
• Resource Plan Wizard: The Resource Plan Wizard helps you group user sessions that have similar processing and resource usage requirements and allocate resources among the consumer groups.
• Summary Advisor Wizard: The Summary Advisor Wizard provides advice as to which materialized views should be created, dropped, or retained.
• View Wizard: The View Wizard facilitates the creation of a view, a tailored presentation of the data contained in one or more tables (or other views).

For more information on wizards, see the Oracle Enterprise Manager Quick Tour or the Oracle Enterprise Manager Online Help.