A Data Encryption and Integrity Parameters

This appendix describes encryption and data integrity parameters supported by Oracle Advanced Security. It also includes an example of a sqlnet.ora file generated by performing the network configuration described in Chapter 4, "Configuring Network Data Encryption and Integrity for Oracle Servers and Clients" and Chapter 8, "Configuring Secure Sockets Layer Authentication".

This appendix contains the following topics:

Sample sqlnet.ora File
Data Encryption and Integrity Parameters

A.1 Sample sqlnet.ora File

This section contains a sample sqlnet.ora configuration file for a set of clients with similar characteristics and a set of servers with similar characteristics. The file includes examples of Oracle Advanced Security encryption and data integrity parameters.

Trace File Setup

#Trace file setup 
trace_level_server=16 
trace_level_client=16  
trace_directory_server=/orant/network/trace 
trace_directory_client=/orant/network/trace 
trace_file_client=cli  
trace_file_server=srv 
trace_unique_client=true

Oracle Advanced Security Transparent Data Encryption

ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION = (SOURCE =
                                  (METHOD = FILE)
                                  (METHOD_DATA =
                                  (DIRECTORY =
                                   /oracle/dbsid/admin/pdcs11/wallet)))

Oracle Advanced Security Network Encryption

#ASO Encryption 
sqlnet.encryption_server=accepted 
sqlnet.encryption_client=requested 
sqlnet.encryption_types_server=(RC4_40) 
sqlnet.encryption_types_client=(RC4_40)

Oracle Advanced Security Network Data Integrity

#ASO Checksum 
sqlnet.crypto_checksum_server=requested 
sqlnet.crypto_checksum_client=requested  
sqlnet.crypto_checksum_types_server = (MD5) 
sqlnet.crypto_checksum_types_client = (MD5)

SSL

#SSL 
WALLET_LOCATION = (SOURCE=
                          (METHOD = FILE) 
                          (METHOD_DATA = 
                           DIRECTORY=/wallet) 

SSL_CIPHER_SUITES=(SSL_DH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_MD5) 
SSL_VERSION= 3 
SSL_CLIENT_AUTHENTICATION=FALSE

Common

#Common
automatic_ipc = off
sqlnet.authentication_services = (beq)
names.directory_path = (TNSNAMES)

Kerberos

#Kerberos 
sqlnet.authentication_services = (beq, kerberos5)
sqlnet.authentication_kerberos5_service = oracle
sqlnet.kerberos5_conf= /krb5/krb.conf
sqlnet.kerberos5_keytab= /krb5/v5srvtab
sqlnet.kerberos5_realms= /krb5/krb.realm
sqlnet.kerberos5_cc_name = /krb5/krb5.cc
sqlnet.kerberos5_clockskew=900
sqlnet.kerberos5_conf_mit=false

RADIUS

#Radius
sqlnet.authentication_services = (beq, RADIUS )
sqlnet.radius_authentication_timeout = (10)
sqlnet.radius_authentication_retries = (2)
sqlnet.radius_authentication_port = (1645)
sqlnet.radius_send_accounting = OFF
sqlnet.radius_secret = /orant/network/admin/radius.key
sqlnet.radius_authentication = radius.us.oracle.com
sqlnet.radius_challenge_response = OFF
sqlnet.radius_challenge_keyword = challenge
sqlnet.radius_challenge_interface =
oracle/net/radius/DefaultRadiusInterface
sqlnet.radius_classpath = /jre1.1/

A.2 Data Encryption and Integrity Parameters

If you do not specify any values for Server Encryption, Client Encryption, Server Checksum, or Client Checksum, the corresponding configuration parameters do not appear in the sqlnet.ora file. However, Oracle Advanced Security defaults to ACCEPTED.

For both data encryption and integrity algorithms, the server selects the first algorithm listed in its sqlnet.ora file that matches an algorithm listed in the client sqlnet.ora file, or in the client installed list if the client lists no algorithms in its sqlnet.ora file. If there are no entries in the server sqlnet.ora file, the server sequentially searches its installed list to match an item on the client side—either in the client sqlnet.ora file or in the client installed list. If no match can be made and one side of the connection REQUIRED the algorithm type (data encryption or integrity), the connection fails. Otherwise, the connection succeeds with the algorithm type inactive.

Data encryption and integrity algorithms are selected independently of each other. Encryption can be activated without integrity, and integrity can be activated without encryption, as shown by Table A-1:

Table A-1 Algorithm Type Selection

Encryption Selected?	Integrity Selected?
Yes	No
Yes	Yes
No	Yes
No	No

There are three classes of parameters used to enable data encryption and integrity. The first two classes listed here are required and the third (seeding the random key generator) is optional:

A.2.1 Encryption and Integrity Parameters

The following sections describe data encryption and integrity parameters:

"SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_SERVER Parameter"
"SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_CLIENT Parameter"
"SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_SERVER Parameter"
"SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_CLIENT Parameter"
"SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_SERVER Parameter"
"SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_CLIENT Parameter"
"SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_SERVER Parameter"
"SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_CLIENT Parameter"

A.2.1.1 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_SERVER Parameter

This parameter specifies the desired encryption behavior when a client or a server acting as a client connects to this server. The behavior of the server partially depends on the SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_CLIENT setting at the other end of the connection.

Table A-2 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_SERVER Parameter Attributes

Attribute	Description
Syntax	`SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_SERVER =` valid_value
Valid Values	ACCEPTED, REJECTED, REQUESTED, REQUIRED
Default Setting	ACCEPTED

A.2.1.2 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_CLIENT Parameter

This parameter specifies the desired encryption behavior when this client or server acting as a client connects to a server. The behavior of the client partially depends on the value set for SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_SERVER at the other end of the connection.

Table A-3 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_CLIENT Parameter Attributes

Attribute	Description
Syntax	`SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_CLIENT =` valid_value
Valid Values	ACCEPTED, REJECTED, REQUESTED, REQUIRED
Default Setting	ACCEPTED

A.2.1.3 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_SERVER Parameter

This parameter specifies the desired data integrity behavior when a client or another server acting as a client connects to this server. The behavior partially depends on the SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_CLIENT setting at the other end of the connection.

Table A-4 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_SERVER Parameter Attributes

Attribute	Description
Syntax	`SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_SERVER =` valid_value
Valid Values	ACCEPTED, REJECTED, REQUESTED, REQUIRED
Default Setting	ACCEPTED

A.2.1.4 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_CLIENT Parameter

This parameter specifies the desired data integrity behavior when this client or server acting as a client connects to a server. The behavior partially depends on the SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_SERVER setting at the other end of the connection.

Table A-5 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_CLIENT Parameter Attributes

Attribute	Description
Syntax	`SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_CLIENT =` valid_value
Valid Values	ACCEPTED, REJECTED, REQUESTED, REQUIRED
Default Setting	ACCEPTED

A.2.1.5 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_SERVER Parameter

This parameter specifies a list of encryption algorithms used by this server in the order of intended use. This list is used to negotiate a mutually acceptable algorithm with the client end of the connection. Each algorithm is checked against the list of available client algorithm types until a match is found. If an algorithm that is not installed is specified on this side, the connection terminates with the error message ORA-12650.

Table A-6 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_SERVER Parameter Attributes

Attribute	Description
Syntax	`SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_SERVER = (`valid_encryption_algorithm `[,`valid_encryption_algorithm`])`
Valid Values	RC4_256: RSA RC4 (256-bit key size) AES256: AES (256-bit key size) AES192: AES (192-bit key size) 3DES168: 3-key Triple-DES (168-bit effective key size) RC4_128: RSA RC4 (128-bit key size) AES128: AES (128-bit key size) 3DES112: 2-key Triple-DES (112-bit effective key size) RC4_56: RSA RC4 (56-bit key size) DES: Standard DES (56-bit key size) RC4_40: RSA RC4 (40-bit key size) DES40: DES40 (40-bit key size)
Default Setting	If no algorithms are defined in the local `sqlnet.ora` file, all installed algorithms are used in a negotiation in the preceding sequence.
Usage Notes	You can specify multiple encryption algorithms. It can be either a single value or a list of algorithm names. For example, either of the following encryption parameters is acceptable: `SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_SERVER=(RC4_40)` `SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_SERVER=(3DES112,RC4_56,RC4_128,3DES168)`

A.2.1.6 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_CLIENT Parameter

This parameter specifies a list of encryption algorithms used by this client or server acting as a client. This list is used to negotiate a mutually acceptable algorithm with the other end of the connection. If an algorithm that is not installed is specified on this side, the connection terminates with the ORA-12650 error message.

Table A-7 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_CLIENT Parameter Attributes

Attribute	Description
Syntax	`SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_CLIENT = (`valid_encryption_algorithm `[,`valid_encryption_algorithm`])`
Valid Values	RC4_256: RSA RC4 (256-bit key size). AES256: AES (256-bit key size). AES192: AES (192-bit key size). 3DES168: 3-key Triple-DES (168-bit effective key size). RC4_128: RSA RC4 (128-bit key size). AES128: AES (128-bit key size). 3DES112: 2-key Triple-DES (112-bit effective key size). RC4_56: RSA RC4 (56-bit key size). DES: Standard DES (56-bit key size). RC4_40: RSA RC4 (40-bit key size). DES40: DES40 (40-bit key size).
Default Setting	If no algorithms are defined in the local `sqlnet.ora` file, all installed algorithms are used in a negotiation.
Usage Notes	You can specify multiple encryption algorithms.

A.2.1.7 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_SERVER Parameter

This parameter specifies a list of data integrity algorithms that this server or client to another server uses, in order of intended use. This list is used to negotiate a mutually acceptable algorithm with the other end of the connection. Each algorithm is checked against the list of available client algorithm types until a match is found. If an algorithm is specified that is not installed on this side, the connection terminates with the ORA-12650 error message

Table A-8 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_SERVER Parameter Attributes

Attribute	Description
Syntax	`SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_SERVER = (`valid_crypto_checksum_algorithm `[,`valid_crypto_checksum_algorithm`])`
Valid Values	SHA-1: Secure Hash Algorithm MD5: Message Digest 5
Default Setting	If no algorithms are defined in the local `sqlnet.ora` file, all installed algorithms are used in a negotiation in the preceding sequence.

A.2.1.8 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_CLIENT Parameter

This parameter specifies a list of data integrity algorithms that this client or server acting as a client uses. This list is used to negotiate a mutually acceptable algorithm with the other end of the connection. If an algorithm that is not installed on this side is specified, the connection terminates with the ORA-12650 error message.

Table A-9 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_CLIENT Parameter Attributes

Attribute	Description
Syntax	`SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_CLIENT = (`valid_crypto_checksum_algorithm `[,`valid_crypto_checksum_algorithm`])`
Valid Values	SHA-1: Secure Hash Algorithm MD5: Message Digest 5
Default Setting	If no algorithms are defined in the local `sqlnet.ora` file, all installed algorithms are used in a negotiation.

A.2.2 Seeding the Random Key Generator (Optional)

Setting this parameter in the sqlnet.ora file as follows is optional:

SQLNET.CRYPTO_SEED = "10-70 random characters"

The characters that form the value for this parameter can be used to seed the random number generator that is used to generate cryptographic key material. The more random the characters entered in this field, the stronger the keys are. You set this parameter by entering from 10 to 70 random characters into the preceding statement.

Note:

If you use this parameter to seed the random number generator, then Oracle recommends that you enter as many characters as possible, up to 70, to make the resulting key more random and therefore stronger.

If you do not use this parameter, the system uses various sources of random numbers, depending on your operating system, to seed the random number generator.