| Oracle® Database Utilities 10g Release 1 (10.1) Part Number B10825-01 |
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| Oracle® Database Utilities 10g Release 1 (10.1) Part Number B10825-01 |
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View PDF |
This chapter discusses the following topics:
Column objects in the control file are described in terms of their attributes. If the object type on which the column object is based is declared to be nonfinal, then the column object in the control file may be described in terms of the attributes, both derived and declared, of any subtype derived from the base object type. In the datafile, the data corresponding to each of the attributes of a column object is in a data field similar to that corresponding to a simple relational column.
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Note: With SQL*Loader support for complex datatypes like column objects, the possibility arises that two identical field names could exist in the control file, one corresponding to a column, the other corresponding to a column object's attribute. Certain clauses can refer to fields (for example,WHEN, NULLIF, DEFAULTIF, SID, OID, REF, BFILE, and so on), causing a naming conflict if identically named fields exist in the control file.
Therefore, if you use clauses that refer to fields, you must specify the full name. For example, if field |
The following sections show examples of loading column objects:
Example 10-1 shows a case in which the data is in predetermined size fields. The newline character marks the end of a physical record. You can also mark the end of a physical record by using a custom record separator in the operating system file-processing clause (os_file_proc_clause).
Example 10-1 Loading Column Objects in Stream Record Format
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'sample.dat'
INTO TABLE departments
(dept_no POSITION(01:03) CHAR,
dept_name POSITION(05:15) CHAR,
1 dept_mgr COLUMN OBJECT
(name POSITION(17:33) CHAR,
age POSITION(35:37) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
emp_id POSITION(40:46) INTEGER EXTERNAL) )
Datafile (sample.dat)
101 Mathematics Johny Quest 30 1024 237 Physics Albert Einstein 65 0000
This type of column object specification can be applied recursively to describe nested column objects.
Example 10-2 shows a case in which the data is in delimited fields.
Example 10-2 Loading Column Objects in Variable Record Format
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
1 INFILE 'sample.dat' "var 6"
INTO TABLE departments
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
2 (dept_no
dept_name,
dept_mgr COLUMN OBJECT
(name CHAR(30),
age INTEGER EXTERNAL(5),
emp_id INTEGER EXTERNAL(5)) )
Datafile (sample.dat)
3 000034101,Mathematics,Johny Q.,30,1024, 000039237,Physics,"Albert Einstein",65,0000,
The "var" string includes the number of bytes in the length field at the beginning of each record (in this example, the number is 6). If no value is specified, the default is 5 bytes. The maximum size of a variable record is 2^32-1. Specifying larger values will result in an error.
Although no positional specifications are given, the general syntax remains the same (the column object's name followed by the list of its attributes enclosed in parentheses). Also note that an omitted type specification defaults to CHAR of length 255.
The first 6 bytes (italicized) specify the length of the forthcoming record. These length specifications include the newline characters, which are ignored thanks to the terminators after the emp_id field.
Example 10-3 shows a control file describing nested column objects (one column object nested in another column object).
Example 10-3 Loading Nested Column Objects
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
INFILE `sample.dat'
INTO TABLE departments_v2
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
(dept_no CHAR(5),
dept_name CHAR(30),
dept_mgr COLUMN OBJECT
(name CHAR(30),
age INTEGER EXTERNAL(3),
emp_id INTEGER EXTERNAL(7),
1 em_contact COLUMN OBJECT
(name CHAR(30),
phone_num CHAR(20))))
Datafile (sample.dat)
101,Mathematics,Johny Q.,30,1024,"Barbie",650-251-0010, 237,Physics,"Albert Einstein",65,0000,Wife Einstein,654-3210,
This entry specifies a column object nested within a column object.
Example 10-4 shows a case in which a nonfinal base object type has been extended to create a new derived subtype. Although the column object in the table definition is declared to be of the base object type, SQL*Loader allows any subtype to be loaded into the column object, provided that the subtype is derived from the base object type.
Example 10-4 Loading Column Objects with a Subtype
Object Type Definitions
CREATE TYPE person_type AS OBJECT (name VARCHAR(30), ssn NUMBER(9)) not final; CREATE TYPE employee_type UNDER person_type (empid NUMBER(5)); CREATE TABLE personnel (deptno NUMBER(3), deptname VARCHAR(30), person person_type);
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'sample.dat'
INTO TABLE personnel
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
(deptno INTEGER EXTERNAL(3),
deptname CHAR,
1 person COLUMN OBJECT TREAT AS employee_type
(name CHAR,
ssn INTEGER EXTERNAL(9),
2 empid INTEGER EXTERNAL(5)))
Datafile (sample.dat)
101,Mathematics,Johny Q.,301189453,10249, 237,Physics,"Albert Einstein",128606590,10030,
The TREAT AS clause indicates that SQL*Loader should treat the column object person as if it were declared to be of the derived type employee_type, instead of its actual declared type, person_type.
The empid attribute is allowed here because it is an attribute of the employee_type. If the TREAT AS clause had not been specified, this attribute would have resulted in an error, because it is not an attribute of the column's declared type.
Specifying null values for nonscalar datatypes is somewhat more complex than for scalar datatypes. An object can have a subset of its attributes be null, it can have all of its attributes be null (an attributively null object), or it can be null itself (an atomically null object).
In fields corresponding to column objects, you can use the NULLIF clause to specify the field conditions under which a particular attribute should be initialized to NULL. Example 10-5 demonstrates this.
Example 10-5 Specifying Attribute Nulls Using the NULLIF Clause
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE 'sample.dat' INTO TABLE departments (dept_no POSITION(01:03) CHAR, dept_name POSITION(05:15) CHAR NULLIF dept_name=BLANKS, dept_mgr COLUMN OBJECT 1 ( name POSITION(17:33) CHAR NULLIF dept_mgr.name=BLANKS, 1 age POSITION(35:37) INTEGER EXTERNAL NULLIF dept_mgr.age=BLANKS, 1 emp_id POSITION(40:46) INTEGER EXTERNAL NULLIF dept_mgr.emp_id=BLANKS))
Datafile (sample.dat)
2 101 Johny Quest 1024 237 Physics Albert Einstein 65 0000
The NULLIF clause corresponding to each attribute states the condition under which the attribute value should be NULL.
The age attribute of the dept_mgr value is null. The dept_name value is also null.
To specify in the control file the condition under which a particular object should take a null value (atomic null), you must follow that object's name with a NULLIF clause based on a logical combination of any of the mapped fields (for example, in Example 10-5, the named mapped fields would be dept_no, dept_name, name, age, emp_id, but dept_mgr would not be a named mapped field because it does not correspond (is not mapped) to any field in the datafile).
Although the preceding is workable, it is not ideal when the condition under which an object should take the value of null is independent of any of the mapped fields. In such situations, you can use filler fields.
You can map a filler field to the field in the datafile (indicating if a particular object is atomically null or not) and use the filler field in the field condition of the NULLIF clause of the particular object. This is shown in Example 10-6.
Example 10-6 Loading Data Using Filler Fields
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'sample.dat'
INTO TABLE departments_v2
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
(dept_no CHAR(5),
dept_name CHAR(30),
1 is_null FILLER CHAR,
2 dept_mgr COLUMN OBJECT NULLIF is_null=BLANKS
(name CHAR(30) NULLIF dept_mgr.name=BLANKS,
age INTEGER EXTERNAL(3) NULLIF dept_mgr.age=BLANKS,
emp_id INTEGER EXTERNAL(7)
NULLIF dept_mgr.emp_id=BLANKS,
em_contact COLUMN OBJECT NULLIF is_null2=BLANKS
(name CHAR(30)
NULLIF dept_mgr.em_contact.name=BLANKS,
phone_num CHAR(20)
NULLIF dept_mgr.em_contact.phone_num=BLANKS)),
1 is_null2 FILLER CHAR)
Datafile (sample.dat)
101,Mathematics,n,Johny Q.,,1024,"Barbie",608-251-0010,, 237,Physics,,"Albert Einstein",65,0000,,650-654-3210,n,
The filler field (datafile mapped; no corresponding column) is of type CHAR (because it is a delimited field, the CHAR defaults to CHAR(255)). Note that the NULLIF clause is not applicable to the filler field itself.
Gets the value of null (atomic null) if the is_null field is blank.
The Oracle database automatically supplies a default constructor for every object type. This constructor requires that all attributes of the type be specified as arguments in a call to the constructor. When a new instance of the object is created, its attributes take on the corresponding values in the argument list. This constructor is known as the attribute-value constructor. SQL*Loader uses the attribute-value constructor by default when loading column objects.
It is possible to override the attribute-value constructor by creating one or more user-defined constructors. When you create a user-defined constructor, you must supply a type body that performs the user-defined logic whenever a new instance of the object is created. A user-defined constructor may have the same argument list as the attribute-value constructor but differ in the logic that its type body implements.
When the argument list of a user-defined constructor function matches the argument list of the attribute-value constructor, there is a difference in behavior between conventional and direct path SQL*Loader. Conventional path mode results in a call to the user-defined constructor. Direct path mode results in a call to the attribute-value constructor. Example 10-7 illustrates this difference.
Example 10-7 Loading a Column Object with Constructors That Match
Object Type Definitions
CREATE TYPE person_type AS OBJECT
(name VARCHAR(30),
ssn NUMBER(9)) not final;
CREATE TYPE employee_type UNDER person_type
(empid NUMBER(5),
-- User-defined constructor that looks like an attribute-value constructor
CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION
employee_type (name VARCHAR2, ssn NUMBER, empid NUMBER)
RETURN SELF AS RESULT);
CREATE TYPE BODY employee_type AS
CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION
employee_type (name VARCHAR2, ssn NUMBER, empid NUMBER)
RETURN SELF AS RESULT AS
--User-defined constructor makes sure that the name attribute is uppercase.
BEGIN
SELF.name := UPPER(name);
SELF.ssn := ssn;
SELF.empid := empid;
RETURN;
END;
CREATE TABLE personnel
(deptno NUMBER(3),
deptname VARCHAR(30),
employee employee_type);
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
INFILE *
REPLACE
INTO TABLE personnel
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
(deptno INTEGER EXTERNAL(3),
deptname CHAR,
employee COLUMN OBJECT
(name CHAR,
ssn INTEGER EXTERNAL(9),
empid INTEGER EXTERNAL(5)))
BEGINDATA
1 101,Mathematics,Johny Q.,301189453,10249,
237,Physics,"Albert Einstein",128606590,10030,
When this control file is run in conventional path mode, the name fields, Johny Q. and Albert Einstein, are both loaded in uppercase. This is because the user-defined constructor is called in this mode. In contrast, when this control file is run in direct path mode, the name fields are loaded exactly as they appear in the input data. This is because the attribute-value constructor is called in this mode.
It is possible to create a user-defined constructor whose argument list does not match that of the attribute-value constructor. In this case, both conventional and direct path modes will result in a call to the attribute-value constructor. Consider the definitions in Example 10-8.
Example 10-8 Loading a Column Object with Constructors That Do Not Match
Object Type Definitions
CREATE SEQUENCE employee_ids
START WITH 1000
INCREMENT BY 1;
CREATE TYPE person_type AS OBJECT
(name VARCHAR(30),
ssn NUMBER(9)) not final;
CREATE TYPE employee_type UNDER person_type
(empid NUMBER(5),
-- User-defined constructor that does not look like an attribute-value
-- constructor
CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION
employee_type (name VARCHAR2, ssn NUMBER)
RETURN SELF AS RESULT);
CREATE TYPE BODY employee_type AS
CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION
employee_type (name VARCHAR2, ssn NUMBER)
RETURN SELF AS RESULT AS
-- This user-defined constructor makes sure that the name attribute is in
-- lowercase and assigns the employee identifier based on a sequence.
nextid NUMBER;
stmt VARCHAR2(64);
BEGIN
stmt := 'SELECT employee_ids.nextval FROM DUAL';
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE stmt INTO nextid;
SELF.name := LOWER(name);
SELF.ssn := ssn;
SELF.empid := nextid;
RETURN;
END;
CREATE TABLE personnel
(deptno NUMBER(3),
deptname VARCHAR(30),
employee employee_type);
If the control file described in Example 10-7 is used with these definitions, then the name fields are loaded exactly as they appear in the input data (that is, in mixed case). This is because the attribute-value constructor is called in both conventional and direct path modes.
It is still possible to load this table using conventional path mode by explicitly making reference to the user-defined constructor in a SQL expression. Example 10-9 shows how this can be done.
Example 10-9 Using SQL to Load Column Objects When Constructors Do Not Match
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
INFILE *
REPLACE
INTO TABLE personnel
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
(deptno INTEGER EXTERNAL(3),
deptname CHAR,
name BOUNDFILLER CHAR,
ssn BOUNDFILLER INTEGER EXTERNAL(9),
1 employee EXPRESSION "employee_type(:NAME, :SSN)")
BEGINDATA
1 101,Mathematics,Johny Q.,301189453,
237,Physics,"Albert Einstein",128606590,
The employee column object is now loaded using a SQL expression. This expression invokes the user-defined constructor with the correct number of arguments. The name fields, Johny Q. and Albert Einstein, will both be loaded in lowercase. In addition, the employee identifiers for each row's employee column object will have taken their values from the employee_ids sequence.
If the control file in Example 10-9 is used in direct path mode, the following error is reported:
SQL*Loader-951: Error calling once/load initialization ORA-26052: Unsupported type 121 for SQL expression on column EMPLOYEE.
The control file syntax required to load an object table is nearly identical to that used to load a typical relational table. Example 10-10 demonstrates loading an object table with primary-key-based object identifiers (OIDs).
Example 10-10 Loading an Object Table with Primary Key OIDs
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE 'sample.dat' DISCARDFILE 'sample.dsc' BADFILE 'sample.bad' REPLACE INTO TABLE employees FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' (name CHAR(30) NULLIF name=BLANKS, age INTEGER EXTERNAL(3) NULLIF age=BLANKS, emp_id INTEGER EXTERNAL(5))
Datafile (sample.dat)
Johny Quest, 18, 007, Speed Racer, 16, 000,
By looking only at the preceding control file you might not be able to determine if the table being loaded was an object table with system-generated OIDs, an object table with primary-key-based OIDs, or a relational table.
You may want to load data that already contains system-generated OIDs and to specify that instead of generating new OIDs, the existing OIDs in the datafile should be used. To do this, you would follow the INTO TABLE clause with the OID clause:
OID (fieldname)
In this clause, fieldname is the name of one of the fields (typically a filler field) from the field specification list that is mapped to a data field that contains the system-generated OIDs. SQL*Loader assumes that the OIDs provided are in the correct format and that they preserve OID global uniqueness. Therefore, to ensure uniqueness, you should use the Oracle OID generator to generate the OIDs to be loaded.
The OID clause can only be used for system-generated OIDs, not primary-key-based OIDs.
Example 10-11 demonstrates loading system-generated OIDs with the row objects.
Example 10-11 Loading OIDs
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'sample.dat'
INTO TABLE employees_v2
1 OID (s_oid)
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
(name CHAR(30) NULLIF name=BLANKS,
age INTEGER EXTERNAL(3) NULLIF age=BLANKS,
emp_id INTEGER EXTERNAL(5),
2 s_oid FILLER CHAR(32))
Datafile (sample.dat)
3 Johny Quest, 18, 007, 21E978406D3E41FCE03400400B403BC3, Speed Racer, 16, 000, 21E978406D4441FCE03400400B403BC3,
The OID clause specifies that the s_oid loader field contains the OID. The parentheses are required.
If s_oid does not contain a valid hexadecimal number, the particular record is rejected.
The OID in the datafile is a character string and is interpreted as a 32-digit hexadecimal number. The 32-digit hexadecimal number is later converted into a 16-byte RAW and stored in the object table.
If an object table's row object is based on a nonfinal type, SQL*Loader allows for any derived subtype to be loaded into the object table. As previously mentioned, the syntax required to load an object table with a derived subtype is almost identical to that used for a typical relational table. However, in this case, the actual subtype to be used must be named, so that SQL*Loader can determine if it is a valid subtype for the object table. This concept is illustrated in Example 10-12.
Example 10-12 Loading an Object Table with a Subtype
Object Type Definitions
CREATE TYPE employees_type AS OBJECT (name VARCHAR2(30), age NUMBER(3), emp_id NUMBER(5)) not final; CREATE TYPE hourly_emps_type UNDER employees_type (hours NUMBER(3)); CREATE TABLE employees_v3 of employees_type;
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'sample.dat'
INTO TABLE employees_v3
1 TREAT AS hourly_emps_type
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
(name CHAR(30),
age INTEGER EXTERNAL(3),
emp_id INTEGER EXTERNAL(5),
2 hours INTEGER EXTERNAL(2))
Datafile (sample.dat)
Johny Quest, 18, 007, 32, Speed Racer, 16, 000, 20,
The TREAT AS clause indicates that SQL*Loader should treat the object table as if it were declared to be of type hourly_emps_type, instead of its actual declared type, employee_type.
The hours attribute is allowed here because it is an attribute of the hourly_emps_type. If the TREAT AS clause had not been specified, this attribute would have resulted in an error, because it is not an attribute of the object table's declared type.
SQL*Loader can load system-generated OID REF columns, primary-key-based REF columns, and unscoped REF columns that allow primary keys.
SQL*Loader assumes, when loading system-generated REF columns, that the actual OIDs from which the REF columns are to be constructed are in the datafile with the rest of the data. The description of the field corresponding to a REF column consists of the column name followed by the REF clause.
The REF clause takes as arguments the table name and an OID. Note that the arguments can be specified either as constants or dynamically (using filler fields). See ref_spec for the appropriate syntax. Example 10-13 demonstrates loading system-generated OID REF columns.
Example 10-13 Loading System-Generated REF Columns
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE 'sample.dat' INTO TABLE departments_alt_v2 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' (dept_no CHAR(5), dept_name CHAR(30), 1 dept_mgr REF(t_name, s_oid), s_oid FILLER CHAR(32), t_name FILLER CHAR(30))
Datafile (sample.dat)
22345, QuestWorld, 21E978406D3E41FCE03400400B403BC3, EMPLOYEES_V2, 23423, Geography, 21E978406D4441FCE03400400B403BC3, EMPLOYEES_V2,
If the specified table does not exist, the record is rejected. The dept_mgr field itself does not map to any field in the datafile.
To load a primary key REF column, the SQL*Loader control-file field description must provide the column name followed by a REF clause. The REF clause takes for arguments a comma-delimited list of field names and constant values. The first argument is the table name, followed by arguments that specify the primary key OID on which the REF column to be loaded is based. See ref_spec for the appropriate syntax.
SQL*Loader assumes that the ordering of the arguments matches the relative ordering of the columns making up the primary key OID in the referenced table. Example 10-14 demonstrates loading primary key REF columns.
Example 10-14 Loading Primary Key REF Columns
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE 'sample.dat' INTO TABLE departments_alt FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' (dept_no CHAR(5), dept_name CHAR(30), dept_mgr REF(CONSTANT 'EMPLOYEES', emp_id), emp_id FILLER CHAR(32))
Datafile (sample.dat)
22345, QuestWorld, 007, 23423, Geography, 000,
An unscoped REF column that allows primary keys can reference both system-generated and primary key REFs. The syntax for loading into such a REF column is the same as if you were loading into a system-generated OID REF column or into a primary-key-based REF column. See Example 10-13, "Loading System-Generated REF Columns" and Example 10-14, "Loading Primary Key REF Columns".
The following restrictions apply when loading into an unscoped REF column that allows primary keys:
Only one type of REF can be referenced by this column during a single-table load, either system-generated or primary key, but not both. If you try to reference both types, the data row will be rejected with an error message indicating that the referenced table name is invalid.
If you are loading unscoped primary key REFs to this column, only one object table can be referenced during a single-table load. That is, if you want to load unscoped primary key REFs, some pointing to object table X and some pointing to object table Y, you would have to do one of the following:
Perform two single-table loads.
Perform a single load using multiple INTO TABLE clauses for which the WHEN clause keys off some aspect of the data, such as the object table name for the unscoped primary key REF. For example:
LOAD DATA INFILE 'data.dat' INTO TABLE orders_apk APPEND when CUST_TBL = "CUSTOMERS_PK" fields terminated by "," ( order_no position(1) char, cust_tbl FILLER char, cust_no FILLER char, cust REF (cust_tbl, cust_no) NULLIF order_no='0' ) INTO TABLE orders_apk APPEND when CUST_TBL = "CUSTOMERS_PK2" fields terminated by "," ( order_no position(1) char, cust_tbl FILLER char, cust_no FILLER char, cust REF (cust_tbl, cust_no) NULLIF order_no='0' )
If you do not use either of these methods, the data row will be rejected with an error message indicating that the referenced table name is invalid.
Unscoped primary key REFs in collections are not supported by SQL*Loader.
If you are loading system-generated REFs into this REF column, any limitations described in System-Generated OID REF Columns also apply here.
If you are loading primary key REFs into this REF column, any limitations described in Primary Key REF Columns also apply here.
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Note: For an unscopedREF column that allows primary keys, SQL*Loader takes the first valid object table parsed (either from the REF directive or from the data rows) and uses that object table's OID type to determine the REF type that can be referenced in that single-table load. |
A LOB is a large object type. SQL*Loader supports the following types of LOBs:
BLOB: an internal LOB containing unstructured binary data
CLOB: an internal LOB containing character data
NCLOB: an internal LOB containing characters from a national character set
BFILE: a BLOB stored outside of the database tablespaces in a server-side operating system file
LOBs can be column datatypes, and with the exception of the NCLOB, they can be an object's attribute datatypes. LOBs can have actual values, they can be null, or they can be empty. SQL*Loader creates an empty LOB when there is a 0-length field to store in the LOB. (Note that this is different than other datatypes where SQL*Loader sets the column to NULL for any 0-length string.) This means that the only way to load NULL values into a LOB column is to use the NULLIF clause.
XML columns are columns declared to be of type SYS.XMLTYPE. SQL*Loader treats XML columns as if they were CLOBs. All of the methods described in the following sections for loading LOB data from the primary datafile or from LOBFILEs are applicable to loading XML columns.
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Note: You cannot specify a SQL string for LOB fields. This is true even if you specifyLOBFILE_spec. |
Because LOBs can be quite large, SQL*Loader is able to load LOB data from either a primary datafile (in line with the rest of the data) or from LOBFILEs. This section addresses the following topics:
To load internal LOBs (BLOBs, CLOBs, and NCLOBs) or XML columns from a primary datafile, you can use the following standard SQL*Loader formats:
Predetermined size fields
Delimited fields
Length-value pair fields
Each of these formats is described in the following sections.
This is a very fast and conceptually simple format in which to load LOBs, as shown in Example 10-15.
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Note: Because the LOBs you are loading may not be of equal size, you can use whitespace to pad the LOB data to make the LOBs all of equal length within a particular data field. |
To load LOBs using this format, you should use either CHAR or RAW as the loading datatype.
Example 10-15 Loading LOB Data in Predetermined Size Fields
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE 'sample.dat' "fix 501" INTO TABLE person_table (name POSITION(01:21) CHAR, 1 "RESUME" POSITION(23:500) CHAR DEFAULTIF "RESUME"=BLANKS)
Datafile (sample.dat)
Johny Quest Johny Quest
500 Oracle Parkway
jquest@us.oracle.com ...
Because the DEFAULTIF clause is used, if the data field containing the resume is empty, the result is an empty LOB rather than a null LOB. However, if a NULLIF clause had been used instead of DEFAULTIF, the empty data field would be null.
You can use SQL*Loader datatypes other than CHAR to load LOBs. For example, when loading BLOBs, you would probably want to use the RAW datatype.
This format handles LOBs of different sizes within the same column (datafile field) without a problem. However, this added flexibility can affect performance because SQL*Loader must scan through the data, looking for the delimiter string.
As with single-character delimiters, when you specify string delimiters, you should consider the character set of the datafile. When the character set of the datafile is different than that of the control file, you can specify the delimiters in hexadecimal notation (that is, X'hexadecimal string'). If the delimiters are specified in hexadecimal notation, the specification must consist of characters that are valid in the character set of the input datafile. In contrast, if hexadecimal notation is not used, the delimiter specification is considered to be in the client's (that is, the control file's) character set. In this case, the delimiter is converted into the datafile's character set before SQL*Loader searches for the delimiter in the datafile.
Note the following:
Stutter syntax is supported with string delimiters (that is, the closing enclosure delimiter can be stuttered).
Leading whitespaces in the initial multicharacter enclosure delimiter are not allowed.
If a field is terminated by WHITESPACE, the leading whitespaces are trimmed.
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Note: SQL*Loader defaults to 255 bytes when movingCLOB data, but a value of up to 2 gigabytes can be specified. For a delimited field, if a length is specified, that length is used as a maximum. If no maximum is specified, it defaults to 255 bytes. For a CHAR field that is delimited and is also greater than 255 bytes, you must specify a maximum length. See CHAR for more information about the CHAR datatype. |
Example 10-16 shows an example of loading LOB data in delimited fields.
Example 10-16 Loading LOB Data in Delimited Fields
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE 'sample.dat' "str '|'" INTO TABLE person_table FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' (name CHAR(25), 1 "RESUME" CHAR(507) ENCLOSED BY '<startlob>' AND '<endlob>')
Datafile (sample.dat)
Johny Quest,<startlob> Johny Quest
500 Oracle Parkway
jquest@us.oracle.com ... <endlob>
2 |Speed Racer, .......
<startlob> and <endlob> are the enclosure strings. With the default byte-length semantics, the maximum length for a LOB that can be read using CHAR(507) is 507 bytes. If character-length semantics were used, the maximum would be 507 characters. See Character-Length Semantics.
If the record separator '|' had been placed right after <endlob> and followed with the newline character, the newline would have been interpreted as part of the next record. An alternative would be to make the newline part of the record separator (for example, '|\n' or, in hexadecimal notation, X'7C0A').
You can use VARCHAR, VARCHARC, or VARRAW datatypes to load LOB data organized in length-value pair fields. This method of loading provides better performance than using delimited fields, but can reduce flexibility (for example, you must know the LOB length for each LOB before loading). Example 10-17 demonstrates loading LOB data in length-value pair fields.
Example 10-17 Loading LOB Data in Length-Value Pair Fields
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
1 INFILE 'sample.dat' "str '<endrec>\n'"
INTO TABLE person_table
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
(name CHAR(25),
2 "RESUME" VARCHARC(3,500))
Datafile (sample.dat)
Johny Quest,479 Johny Quest
500 Oracle Parkway
jquest@us.oracle.com
... <endrec>
3 Speed Racer,000<endrec>
If the backslash escape character is not supported, the string used as a record separator in the example could be expressed in hexadecimal notation.
"RESUME" is a field that corresponds to a CLOB column. In the control file, it is a VARCHARC, whose length field is 3 bytes long and whose maximum size is 500 bytes (with byte-length semantics). If character-length semantics were used, the length would be 3 characters and the maximum size would be 500 characters. See Character-Length Semantics.
The length subfield of the VARCHARC is 0 (the value subfield is empty). Consequently, the LOB instance is initialized to empty.
LOB data can be lengthy enough so that it makes sense to load it from a LOBFILE instead of from a primary datafile. In LOBFILEs, LOB data instances are still considered to be in fields (predetermined size, delimited, length-value), but these fields are not organized into records (the concept of a record does not exist within LOBFILEs). Therefore, the processing overhead of dealing with records is avoided. This type of organization of data is ideal for LOB loading.
There is no requirement that a LOB from a LOBFILE fit in memory. SQL*Loader reads LOBFILEs in 64 KB chunks.
In LOBFILEs the data can be in any of the following types of fields:
A single LOB field into which the entire contents of a file can be read
Predetermined size fields (fixed-length fields)
Delimited fields (that is, TERMINATED BY or ENCLOSED BY)
The clause PRESERVE BLANKS is not applicable to fields read from a LOBFILE.
Length-value pair fields (variable-length fields)
To load data from this type of field, use the VARRAW, VARCHAR, or VARCHARC SQL*Loader datatypes.
See Examples of Loading LOB Data from LOBFILEs for examples of using each of these field types. All of the previously mentioned field types can be used to load XML columns.
See lobfile_spec for LOBFILE syntax.
You can specify LOBFILEs either statically (the name of the file is specified in the control file) or dynamically (a FILLER field is used as the source of the filename). In either case, if the LOBFILE is not terminated by EOF, then when the end of the LOBFILE is reached, the file is closed and further attempts to read data from that file produce results equivalent to reading data from an empty field.
However, if you have a LOBFILE that is terminated by EOF, then the entire file is always returned on each attempt to read data from that file.
You should not specify the same LOBFILE as the source of two different fields. If you do so, typically, the two fields will read the data independently.
This section contains examples of loading data from different types of fields in LOBFILEs.
In Example 10-18, each LOBFILE is the source of a single LOB. To load LOB data that is organized in this way, the column or field name is followed by the LOBFILE datatype specifications.
Example 10-18 Loading LOB DATA with One LOB per LOBFILE
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE 'sample.dat' INTO TABLE person_table FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' (name CHAR(20), 1 ext_fname FILLER CHAR(40), 2 "RESUME" LOBFILE(ext_fname) TERMINATED BY EOF)
Datafile (sample.dat)
Johny Quest,jqresume.txt, Speed Racer,'/private/sracer/srresume.txt',
Secondary Datafile (jqresume.txt)
Johny Quest
500 Oracle Parkway
...
Secondary Datafile (srresume.txt)
Speed Racer
400 Oracle Parkway
...
The filler field is mapped to the 40-byte data field, which is read using the SQL*Loader CHAR datatype. This assumes the use of default byte-length semantics. If character-length semantics were used, the field would be mapped to a 40-character data field.
SQL*Loader gets the LOBFILE name from the ext_fname filler field. It then loads the data from the LOBFILE (using the CHAR datatype) from the first byte to the EOF character. If no existing LOBFILE is specified, the "RESUME" field is initialized to empty.
In Example 10-19, you specify the size of the LOBs to be loaded into a particular column in the control file. During the load, SQL*Loader assumes that any LOB data loaded into that particular column is of the specified size. The predetermined size of the fields allows the data-parser to perform optimally. However, it is often difficult to guarantee that all LOBs are the same size.
Example 10-19 Loading LOB Data Using Predetermined Size LOBs
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'sample.dat'
INTO TABLE person_table
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
(name CHAR(20),
1 "RESUME" LOBFILE(CONSTANT '/usr/private/jquest/jqresume.txt')
CHAR(2000))
Datafile (sample.dat)
Johny Quest, Speed Racer,
Secondary Datafile (jqresume.txt)
Johny Quest
500 Oracle Parkway
...
Speed Racer
400 Oracle Parkway
...
This entry specifies that SQL*Loader load 2000 bytes of data from the jqresume.txt LOBFILE, using the CHAR datatype, starting with the byte following the byte loaded last during the current loading session. This assumes the use of the default byte-length semantics. If character-length semantics were used, SQL*Loader would load 2000 characters of data, starting from the first character after the last-loaded character. See Character-Length Semantics.
In Example 10-20, the LOB data instances in the LOBFILE are delimited. In this format, loading different size LOBs into the same column is not a problem. However, this added flexibility can affect performance, because SQL*Loader must scan through the data, looking for the delimiter string.
Example 10-20 Loading LOB Data Using Delimited LOBs
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'sample.dat'
INTO TABLE person_table
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
(name CHAR(20),
1 "RESUME" LOBFILE( CONSTANT 'jqresume') CHAR(2000)
TERMINATED BY "<endlob>\n")
Datafile (sample.dat)
Johny Quest, Speed Racer,
Secondary Datafile (jqresume.txt)
Johny Quest
500 Oracle Parkway
... <endlob>
Speed Racer
400 Oracle Parkway
... <endlob>
Because a maximum length of 2000 is specified for CHAR, SQL*Loader knows what to expect as the maximum length of the field, which can result in memory usage optimization. If you choose to specify a maximum length, you should be sure not to underestimate its value. The TERMINATED BY clause specifies the string that terminates the LOBs. Alternatively, you could use the ENCLOSED BY clause. The ENCLOSED BY clause allows a bit more flexibility as to the relative positioning of the LOBs in the LOBFILE (the LOBs in the LOBFILE need not be sequential).
In Example 10-21 each LOB in the LOBFILE is preceded by its length. You could use VARCHAR, VARCHARC, or VARRAW datatypes to load LOB data organized in this way.
This method of loading can provide better performance over delimited LOBs, but at the expense of some flexibility (for example, you must know the LOB length for each LOB before loading).
Example 10-21 Loading LOB Data Using Length-Value Pair Specified LOBs
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE 'sample.dat' INTO TABLE person_table FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' (name CHAR(20), 1 "RESUME" LOBFILE(CONSTANT 'jqresume') VARCHARC(4,2000))
Datafile (sample.dat)
Johny Quest, Speed Racer,
Secondary Datafile (jqresume.txt)
2 0501Johny Quest
500 Oracle Parkway
...
3 0000
The entry VARCHARC(4,2000) tells SQL*Loader that the LOBs in the LOBFILE are in length-value pair format and that the first 4 bytes should be interpreted as the length. The value of 2000 tells SQL*Loader that the maximum size of the field is 2000 bytes. This assumes the use of the default byte-length semantics. If character-length semantics were used, the first 4 characters would be interpreted as the length in characters. The maximum size of the field would be 2000 characters. See Character-Length Semantics.
The entry 0501 preceding Johny Quest tells SQL*Loader that the LOB consists of the next 501 characters.
This entry specifies an empty (not null) LOB.
Keep in mind the following when you load data using LOBFILEs:
Only LOBs and XML columns can be loaded from LOBFILEs.
The failure to load a particular LOB does not result in the rejection of the record containing that LOB. Instead, you will have a record that contains an empty LOB. In the case of an XML column, a null value will be inserted if there is a failure loading the LOB.
It is not necessary to specify the maximum length of a field corresponding to a LOB column; nevertheless, if a maximum length is specified, SQL*Loader uses it as a hint to optimize memory usage. Therefore, it is important that the maximum length specification does not understate the true maximum length.
You cannot supply a position specification (pos_spec) when loading data from a LOBFILE.
NULLIF or DEFAULTIF field conditions cannot be based on fields read from LOBFILEs.
If a nonexistent LOBFILE is specified as a data source for a particular field, that field is initialized to empty. If the concept of empty does not apply to the particular field type, the field is initialized to null.
Table-level delimiters are not inherited by fields that are read from a LOBFILE.
When loading an XML column or referencing a LOB column in a SQL expression in conventional path mode, SQL*Loader must process the LOB data as a temporary LOB. To ensure the best load performance possible in these cases, refer to the guidelines concerning temporary LOB performance inOracle Database Application Developer's Guide - Large Objects.
The BFILE datatype stores unstructured binary data in operating system files outside the database. A BFILE column or attribute stores a file locator that points to the external file containing the data. The file to be loaded as a BFILE does not have to exist at the time of loading; it can be created later. SQL*Loader assumes that the necessary directory objects have already been created (a logical alias name for a physical directory on the server's file system). For more information, see the Oracle Database Application Developer's Guide - Large Objects.
A control file field corresponding to a BFILE column consists of a column name followed by the BFILE clause. The BFILE clause takes as arguments a directory object (the server_directory alias) name followed by a BFILE name. Both arguments can be provided as string constants, or they can be dynamically loaded through some other field. See the Oracle Database SQL Reference for more information.
In the next two examples of loading BFILEs, Example 10-22 has only the filename specified dynamically, while Example 10-23 demonstrates specifying both the BFILE and the directory object dynamically.
Example 10-22 Loading Data Using BFILEs: Only Filename Specified Dynamically
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE sample.dat INTO TABLE planets FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' (pl_id CHAR(3), pl_name CHAR(20), fname FILLER CHAR(30), 1 pl_pict BFILE(CONSTANT "scott_dir1", fname))
Datafile (sample.dat)
1,Mercury,mercury.jpeg, 2,Venus,venus.jpeg, 3,Earth,earth.jpeg,
The directory name is in quotation marks; therefore, the string is used as is and is not capitalized.
Example 10-23 Loading Data Using BFILEs: Filename and Directory Specified Dynamically
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE sample.dat INTO TABLE planets FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' (pl_id NUMBER(4), pl_name CHAR(20), fname FILLER CHAR(30), 1 dname FILLER CHAR(20), pl_pict BFILE(dname, fname) )
Datafile (sample.dat)
1, Mercury, mercury.jpeg, scott_dir1, 2, Venus, venus.jpeg, scott_dir1, 3, Earth, earth.jpeg, scott_dir2,
dname is mapped to the datafile field containing the directory name corresponding to the file being loaded.
Like LOBs, collections can be loaded either from a primary datafile (data inline) or from secondary datafiles (data out of line). See Secondary Datafiles (SDFs) for details about SDFs.
When you load collection data, a mechanism must exist by which SQL*Loader can tell when the data belonging to a particular collection instance has ended. You can achieve this in two ways:
To specify the number of rows or elements that are to be loaded into each nested table or VARRAY instance, use the DDL COUNT function. The value specified for COUNT must either be a number or a character string containing a number, and it must be previously described in the control file before the COUNT clause itself. This positional dependency is specific to the COUNT clause. COUNT(0) or COUNT(cnt_field), where cnt_field is 0 for the current row, results in a empty collection (not null), unless overridden by a NULLIF clause. See count_spec.
Use the TERMINATED BY and ENCLOSED BY clauses to specify a unique collection delimiter. This method cannot be used if an SDF clause is used.
In the control file, collections are described similarly to column objects. See Loading Column Objects. There are some differences:
Collection descriptions employ the two mechanisms discussed in the preceding list.
Collection descriptions can include a secondary datafile (SDF) specification.
A NULLIF or DEFAULTIF clause cannot refer to a field in an SDF unless the clause is on a field in the same SDF.
Clauses that take field names as arguments cannot use a field name that is in a collection unless the DDL specification is for a field in the same collection.
The field list must contain only one nonfiller field and any number of filler fields. If the VARRAY is a VARRAY of column objects, then the attributes of each column object will be in a nested field list.
The following restrictions exist for nested tables and VARRAYs:
A field_list cannot contain a collection_fld_spec.
A col_obj_spec nested within a VARRAY cannot contain a collection_fld_spec.
The column_name specified as part of the field_list must be the same as the column_name preceding the VARRAY parameter.
Also, be aware that if you are loading into a table containing nested tables, SQL*Loader will not automatically split the load into multiple loads and generate a set ID.
Example 10-24 demonstrates loading a VARRAY and a nested table.
Example 10-24 Loading a VARRAY and a Nested Table
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'sample.dat' "str '\n' "
INTO TABLE dept
REPLACE
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
(
dept_no CHAR(3),
dname CHAR(25) NULLIF dname=BLANKS,
1 emps VARRAY TERMINATED BY ':'
(
emps COLUMN OBJECT
(
name CHAR(30),
age INTEGER EXTERNAL(3),
2 emp_id CHAR(7) NULLIF emps.emps.emp_id=BLANKS
)
),
3 proj_cnt FILLER CHAR(3),
4 projects NESTED TABLE SDF (CONSTANT "pr.txt" "fix 57") COUNT (proj_cnt)
(
projects COLUMN OBJECT
(
project_id POSITION (1:5) INTEGER EXTERNAL(5),
project_name POSITION (7:30) CHAR
NULLIF projects.projects.project_name = BLANKS
)
)
)
Datafile (sample.dat)
101,MATH,"Napier",28,2828,"Euclid", 123,9999:0 210,"Topological Transforms",:2
Secondary Datafile (SDF) (pr.txt)
21034 Topological Transforms 77777 Impossible Proof
The TERMINATED BY clause specifies the VARRAY instance terminator (note that no COUNT clause is used).
Full name field references (using dot notation) resolve the field name conflict created by the presence of this filler field.
proj_cnt is a filler field used as an argument to the COUNT clause.
This entry specifies the following:
An SDF called pr.txt as the source of data. It also specifies a fixed-record format within the SDF.
If COUNT is 0, then the collection is initialized to empty. Another way to initialize a collection to empty is to use a DEFAULTIF clause. The main field name corresponding to the nested table field description is the same as the field name of its nested nonfiller-field, specifically, the name of the column object field description.
Secondary datafiles (SDFs) are similar in concept to primary datafiles. Like primary datafiles, SDFs are a collection of records, and each record is made up of fields. The SDFs are specified on a per control-file-field basis. They are useful when you load large nested tables and VARRAYs.
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Note: Only acollection_fld_spec can name an SDF as its data source. |
SDFs are specified using the SDF parameter. The SDF parameter can be followed by either the file specification string, or a FILLER field that is mapped to a data field containing one or more file specification strings.
As for a primary datafile, the following can be specified for each SDF:
The record format (fixed, stream, or variable). Also, if stream record format is used, you can specify the record separator.
The record size.
The character set for an SDF can be specified using the CHARACTERSET clause (see Handling Different Character Encoding Schemes).
A default delimiter (using the delimiter specification) for the fields that inherit a particular SDF specification (all member fields or attributes of the collection that contain the SDF specification, with exception of the fields containing their own LOBFILE specification).
Also note the following with regard to SDFs:
If a nonexistent SDF is specified as a data source for a particular field, that field is initialized to empty. If the concept of empty does not apply to the particular field type, the field is initialized to null.
Table-level delimiters are not inherited by fields that are read from an SDF.
To load SDFs larger than 64 KB, you must use the READSIZE parameter to specify a larger physical record size. You can specify the READSIZE parameter either from the command line or as part of an OPTIONS clause.
You can specify SDFs either statically (you specify the actual name of the file) or dynamically (you use a FILLER field as the source of the filename). In either case, when the EOF of an SDF is reached, the file is closed and further attempts at reading data from that particular file produce results equivalent to reading data from an empty field.
In a dynamic secondary file specification, this behavior is slightly different. Whenever the specification changes to reference a new file, the old file is closed, and the data is read from the beginning of the newly referenced file.
The dynamic switching of the data source files has a resetting effect. For example, when SQL*Loader switches from the current file to a previously opened file, the previously opened file is reopened, and the data is read from the beginning of the file.
You should not specify the same SDF as the source of two different fields. If you do so, typically, the two fields will read the data independently.
When you load a table that contains a nested table column, it may be possible to load the parent table separately from the child table. You can load the parent and child tables independently if the SIDs (system-generated or user-defined) are already known at the time of the load (that is, the SIDs are in the datafile with the data).
Example 10-25 illustrates how to load a parent table with user-provided SIDs.
Example 10-25 Loading a Parent Table with User-Provided SIDs
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE 'sample.dat' "str '|\n' " INTO TABLE dept FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' TRAILING NULLCOLS ( dept_no CHAR(3), dname CHAR(20) NULLIF dname=BLANKS , mysid FILLER CHAR(32), 1 projects SID(mysid))
Datafile (sample.dat)
101,Math,21E978407D4441FCE03400400B403BC3,| 210,"Topology",21E978408D4441FCE03400400B403BC3,|
mysid is a filler field that is mapped to a datafile field containing the actual set IDs and is supplied as an argument to the SID clause.
Example 10-26 illustrates how to load a child table (the nested table storage table) with user-provided SIDs.
Example 10-26 Loading a Child Table with User-Provided SIDs
Control File Contents
LOAD DATA INFILE 'sample.dat' INTO TABLE dept FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' TRAILING NULLCOLS 1 SID(sidsrc) (project_id INTEGER EXTERNAL(5), project_name CHAR(20) NULLIF project_name=BLANKS, sidsrc FILLER CHAR(32))
Datafile (sample.dat)
21034, "Topological Transforms", 21E978407D4441FCE03400400B403BC3, 77777, "Impossible Proof", 21E978408D4441FCE03400400B403BC3,
The table-level SID clause tells SQL*Loader that it is loading the storage table for nested tables. sidsrc is the filler field name that is the source of the real set IDs.
The following list describes some issues to keep in mind when you load VARRAY columns:
VARRAYs are created in the client's memory before they are loaded into the database. Each element of a VARRAY requires 4 bytes of client memory before it can be loaded into the database. Therefore, when you load a VARRAY with a thousand elements, you will require at least 4000 bytes of client memory for each VARRAY instance before you can load the VARRAYs into the database. In many cases, SQL*Loader requires two to three times that amount of memory to successfully construct and load a VARRAY.
The BINDSIZE parameter specifies the amount of memory allocated by SQL*Loader for loading records. Given the value specified for BINDSIZE, SQL*Loader takes into consideration the size of each field being loaded, and determines the number of rows it can load in one transaction. The larger the number of rows, the fewer transactions, resulting in better performance. But if the amount of memory on your system is limited, then at the expense of performance, you can specify a lower value for ROWS than SQL*Loader calculated.
Loading very large VARRAYs or a large number of smaller VARRAYs could cause you to run out of memory during the load. If this happens, specify a smaller value for BINDSIZE or ROWS and retry the load.
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